Electrochromic glass, commonly referred to as smart glass, is an innovative glazing technology that allows the glass to change its light transmission properties dynamically. By applying a small electrical voltage, this special glass can switch between transparent, translucent, or opaque states, effectively controlling the amount of light and heat passing through. This transformative capability not only enhances occupant comfort but also contributes significantly to energy efficiency in buildings.
Smart glass technology integrates electrochromic materials—such as tungsten oxide—with transparent electrodes and a layer of ion-conductive electrolyte. When voltage is applied, ions migrate within the glass layers causing a reversible change in the optical properties. The glass can thus tint to reduce glare and solar heat gain or clear up to maximize natural daylight and external views.

Where is Electrochromic Glass Used?
- Commercial Office Buildings
- Residential Homes and Apartments
- Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
- Retail and Shopping Complexes
- Transportation Infrastructure (Airports, Train Stations)
- Educational Institutions
- Hotels and Hospitality Venues
- Automotive and Aerospace Applications
- Museums and Exhibition Centers
- High-rise Skyscrapers and Curtain Walls
Advantages of Electrochromic (Smart) Glass
- Instantly adjusts transparency, reducing glare without the need for blinds or shades.
- Minimizes cooling loads by blocking solar heat during summer while allowing sunlight during winter, reducing HVAC costs.
- Maintains consistent indoor lighting and temperature, enhancing occupant wellbeing and productivity.
- Filters harmful ultraviolet rays, protecting interior furnishings and occupants.
- Offers adjustable privacy without sacrificing natural light.
- Lowers overall building energy consumption, contributing to sustainability goals.
- Compatible with automated control systems and can be programmed for optimal performance.
- Unlike mechanical blinds, smart glass has no moving parts, reducing wear and upkeep.
- Sleek and modern appearance that complements various architectural designs.
- Smart glass variants provide enhanced acoustic insulation.
Types of Electrochromic Glass
Passive Electrochromic Glass (Self-Tinting)
Passive electrochromic glass, often referred to as self-tinting glass, changes its transparency in response to environmental conditions—typically the intensity of sunlight or heat. Unlike its active counterparts, this type of glass does not require electrical input to operate. Instead, it relies on thermochromic or photochromic properties to gradually transition between clear and tinted states. This makes passive electrochromic glass a low-maintenance, energy-efficient solution ideal for homeowners and architects seeking simplicity and sustainability. It is particularly useful in residential spaces or conservatories, where constant manual adjustment is unnecessary. However, the main limitation of this type is the lack of user control, as the glass responds automatically and may not always align with occupants’ preferences.
Active Electrochromic Glass (Manually or Automatically Controlled)
Active electrochromic glass is the most widely adopted and versatile type of smart glass, offering dynamic control over light and heat transmission through the application of a low-voltage electrical current. This type of glass can be controlled manually—via wall switches, remotes, or mobile apps—or automatically through integration with smart building management systems. Users can precisely adjust the tint level based on time of day, occupancy, weather conditions, or personal comfort. Because of its adaptability and high performance, active electrochromic glass is extensively used in commercial offices, hospitals, schools, and luxury homes. Its ability to reduce glare, improve energy efficiency, and enhance user comfort makes it a preferred choice for environments where lighting and privacy needs change throughout the day. The main drawback is the higher initial cost and the need for electrical wiring and control systems, which can increase installation complexity.
Hybrid Electrochromic Glass
Hybrid electrochromic glass combines traditional electrochromic technology with other smart glazing systems such as thermochromic, photochromic, or suspended particle device (SPD) technologies. This fusion allows for enhanced functionality, enabling the glass to respond to both environmental conditions and user commands. Hybrid glass offers the benefits of automatic light modulation and user control, making it one of the most advanced options available on the market. It is ideal for high-performance buildings requiring superior solar control, energy savings, and adaptability—such as airports, high-end retail stores, and museums housing sensitive artifacts. The layered technology in hybrid glass allows for more nuanced control over light, heat, and privacy. Despite its many benefits, hybrid glass tends to be more expensive and complex to install, often requiring advanced integration with building management systems.
Electrochromic Insulated Glass Units (IGUs)
Electrochromic glass is manufactured as part of insulated glass units (IGUs), typically in dual- or triple-glazed formats. These units combine electrochromic layers with multiple panes of glass and inert gas fills to improve thermal and acoustic performance. IGU smart glass offers the benefits of both dynamic light control and enhanced insulation, making it an excellent choice for energy-efficient buildings in climates with extreme temperature fluctuations. The added insulation also helps in noise reduction, making it suitable for buildings near busy roads, airports, or urban centers. In addition to energy efficiency, these IGUs can incorporate low-emissivity (low-E) coatings for superior solar control. Although they are heavier and more costly to install than single-glazed versions, their performance benefits and long-term energy savings make them a worthwhile investment for high-performance building envelopes.

Key Considerations for Choosing the Right Electrochromic (Smart) Glass
- Match glass type to the building’s purpose (residential, commercial, etc.).
- Choose between manual, automated, or smart-integrated control.
- Define required privacy levels based on room function.
- Prioritize energy efficiency and thermal insulation performance.
- Consider glare control and natural light management.
- Evaluate ease of installation and electrical requirements.
- Align glass aesthetics with the overall design theme.
- Ensure compatibility with local climate and sun exposure.
Balance initial investment with long-term savings.
Conclusion
Electrochromic (smart) glass represents a cutting-edge solution at the intersection of technology, sustainability, and design. By dynamically regulating light and heat transmission, it enhances building performance, occupant comfort, and architectural aesthetics. As energy efficiency becomes paramount in construction, smart glass continues to gain traction as an essential material in modern and future-ready buildings.